The incidence of fractures in healthy elderly individuals during winter is 24% higher than in other seasons. This is influenced by both internal and external factors, which are related to the characteristics of winter weather. In winter, the reduced sunlight exposure leads to decreased vitamin D concentration in the body, affecting the normal absorption of calcium and phosphorus and the process of bone formation. The total amount of bone tissue per unit volume decreases and the fragility increases, making fractures more likely to occur with even minor external forces. From an external environmental perspective, winter is characterized by more rain and snow, resulting in snowy and icy roads. Slippery surfaces, combined with bulky clothing and difficulty in movement, make the elderly more prone to falls and injuries. There is a misconception that wearing more clothes in winter can prevent serious injuries from falls, but this is not true. Falls often transmit a strong force to the site of fracture, with the most commonly affected areas being the hip joint, spinal bones, and wrists. The most severe consequence is hip fracture.
Therefore, during the cold winter, the elderly need to take various measures to prevent fractures in addition to protecting themselves from the cold and diseases. Specifically, the following aspects can be considered:
1. Enhance care for the elderly and try to avoid them living alone. Elderly people should have company when engaging in outdoor activities, and the use of walking aids can be considered if necessary. The indoor temperature should be maintained above 10 degrees Celsius in order to reduce the need for heavy clothing and facilitate easy movement. The choice of footwear in winter should not only focus on warmth but also on slip resistance, with shoes that have hard plastic soles being the least suitable. The floor in the elderly's living environment, especially in the bathroom, should be kept dry to prevent water accumulation and icing.
2. Strengthen nutrition and exercise. The elderly should consume foods rich in protein and vitamin D to reduce the risk of osteoporosis. In winter, it is beneficial to combine exercise with "sunbathing," such as outdoor walks that allow exposure to sunlight and promote the synthesis of vitamin D in the body, aiding in calcium absorption. Under the guidance of a doctor, appropriate calcium supplements can be taken, while also avoiding smoking, which can affect calcium absorption. When weather permits, enjoy some "sunbathing" outdoors and engage in exercises within one's capabilities, such as walking or doing gymnastics.
3. Control body weight effectively and promptly treat relevant diseases. Family members should be aware of the characteristics of medications commonly used by the elderly and follow the instructions and prescriptions to minimize the side effects of medications. For example, antihypertensive drugs can cause orthostatic hypotension, which increases the risk of falls. Furthermore, excessive alcohol consumption or excessive emotional stimulation in the elderly can also lead to imbalance.
4. Falling is the most direct cause of fractures. As the elderly engage in indoor activities more frequently during winter, indoor fall prevention should be prioritized. It is advisable to maintain indoor temperatures above 10 degrees Celsius, allowing for lighter clothing and easier movement. Avoid obstacles that hinder walking and ensure that furniture does not sway. Pay attention to the slip resistance of floors and shoes, and it is best to avoid wearing slippers. Ensure adequate indoor lighting and keep the floor dry. Install handrails near bathing areas and toilets.
